Nerve conduction studies assess large fibers and may be normal in small fiber neuropathy. How symptoms, examination, skin biopsy, and functional testing are combined.

MCAS diagnosis requires more than a symptom list. Review the consensus criteria, event-related mediator testing, treatment response, and the alternatives that must be considered.

Post-exertional malaise can cause delayed symptom worsening after modest activity. Why it differs from ordinary tiredness, and why recognizing it matters before prescribing exercise.

A structured POTS evaluation integrates symptoms, heart rate, blood pressure, duration, exclusions, and appropriate stand or tilt testing. A heart-rate rise is only one part of the diagnosis.